What Is It?
The Achilles tendon is the strong band of connective tissue that attaches the two calf muscles (Soleus and Gastrocnemius) to the heel bone (Calcaneus). It is responsible for transferring force from the calf to heel in order to point the foot.
It is one of the strongest tendons in the human body, having to cope with forces of up to four times body weight during activities such as running and jumping. Not only does it have to withstand high intensities, it is also under continual strain during standing, in order to stabilise the lower leg.
The high stresses placed on the tendon can sometimes lead to injuries and Achilles tendinopathy or tendinitis can be fairly common in sports that involve running, jumping or bounding.
What Causes It?
Achilles tendinopathy is considered an overuse injury occurring as a result of excessive forces being placed on the tendon. Abnormalities such as tight calf muscles, poor foot biomechanics, inappropriate footwear and strength deficits have all been associated with Achilles tendon problems.
As you can imagine, with four times your bodyweight being placed on the tendon during activities such as running, the increased stress associated with these abnormalities can be enough to overload the tendon. Repetitively loading the tendon during activity will then cause degeneration of the fibres and in the worst case scenario, can result in the tendon tearing or rupturing.
Sufferers may experience stiffness and discomfort around the tendon in the mornings, or after inactive periods of sitting. Pain may gradually reduce during activity, but will usually be more intense afterwards and in some cases a portion of the Achilles can appear thick or swollen.
Self Management?
A period of rest from the aggravating activity is usually recommended, however this will only reduce the stress placed on the Achilles but not identify the underlying cause. You may gain some relief from gently stretching the calf muscles and applying ice to the affected area.
Professional Treatment?
Due to the complex nature of Achilles tendon injuries it is highly recommended to seek professional advice for an accurate diagnosis and suitable treatment.
The therapist may then provide recommendations on suitable footwear and rehabilitation exercises, as well as providing a combination of manual therapy and ultrasound therapy to promote tendon recovery.